Guías Docentes Electrónicas
1. General information
Course:
PHILOSOPHY
Code:
44705
Type:
BASIC
ECTS credits:
6
Degree:
381 - UNDERGRADUATE DEGREE PROGRAMME IN HUMANITIES: CULTURAL HISTORY
Academic year:
2023-24
Center:
11 - FACULTY OF EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES OF CUENCA
Group(s):
30 
Year:
1
Duration:
First semester
Main language:
Spanish
Second language:
English
Use of additional languages:
English Friendly:
Y
Web site:
Bilingual:
N
Lecturer: IGNACIO ESCUTIA DOMÍNGUEZ - Group(s): 30 
Building/Office
Department
Phone number
Email
Office hours
Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación y Humanidades 5.02; Facultad de Comunicación 1.06
FILOSOFÍA, ANTROPOL, SOCIOL Y ESTÉTICA
Ignacio.Escutia@uclm.es
Wednesday (13:00-15:00h)

2. Pre-Requisites
Not established
3. Justification in the curriculum, relation to other subjects and to the profession

Philosophy, as a critique of current prejudices and as an interpreter-mediator between expert languages (science, art, normative languages) and ordinary life, has been capital in all the configurations of Humanities that there has been. The other disciplines describe what the world is and, even if they do critical analyses in passing, their task is to explain how things are, not how they should be. The critical dimension, capital for human life, is the specificity of philosophy.

This subject helps the student to improve his or her ability to analyze critically the two most important topics of this Degree, the concepts of history and culture. This critical analysis will be extremely useful to most subjects. Furthermore, the part of the Philosophy Workshop dedicated to learning to think, to debate, to expose orally, and to the various forms of writing ideas, will be of great benefit to the rest of the subjects.


4. Degree competences achieved in this course
Course competences
Code Description
E02 Knowing, understanding and using the methods inherent to the disciplines of the field of study (Anthropology, Art, History, Geography, Philosophy, Language and Literature)
E04 Understanding and using different sources of information: oral, source documents (bibliographies, records, etc.) and references from the Internet.
E16 Knowing and understanding the major schools of philosophical and political thinking as part of human culture.
G02 Knowledge of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs)
G03 Expressing correctly in oral and written forms in his/her own language
G04 Ethical commitment and professional ethics
G07 Applying critical, analytical and creative thinking and proving innovative capacities
G08 Ability to work independently within a framework of individual responsibility
G09 Ability to work collaboratively with shared responsibility regarding the group's tasks
G11 Communicating ideas, problems and solutions in public or in technical contexts efficiently
G13 Sensitiveness to multiculturalism and gender-related issues
G15 Committing to the defence of human rights
G17 Sensitiveness to environmental issues
5. Objectives or Learning Outcomes
Course learning outcomes
Description
To know how to collect information in order to build a bibliography on a specialized subject of Philosophy.
To know how to make a critical analysis of a press article, detecting fallacies, prejudices and biases.
To know the main genres of written philosophy.
To know the main current theories about the usefulness of philosophy in today's world.
To know how to debate in a cooperative dialogue.
To know how to make cognitive maps and construct logically ordered theories.
To have a current concept of science and its problems.
To know the main historiographic theories.
Additional outcomes
Description
To identify and to understand the role of Philosophy in today's world in philosophical texts. To express in writing a current concept of science and its relationship to the Philosophy. To identify the problems of history as an academic discipline. To identify the meanings of the word ¿culture¿ and to express them in a written presentation. To apply the concepts of cultural identity and recognition of cultural identity to various current problems. To value cultural diversity in written reports. To distinguish between primary and secondary sources in Philosophy. To find out the facts of a problem and build a coherent explanatory theory. To take part in a philosophical debate. To make an oral presentation on a philosophical topic. To know how to make a textual analysis of a philosophical text.
6. Units / Contents
  • Unit 1: WHAT PHILOSOPHY IS AND WHY WE NEED IT NOWADAYS?
    • Unit 1.1: What Philosophy is?
    • Unit 1.2: The sense of Philosophy as human and historical praxis
    • Unit 1.3: Problems of the current world and task of the critical Philosphy
  • Unit 2: PHILOSOPHY WORKSHOP
    • Unit 2.1: Learning how to look for information
    • Unit 2.2: Learning how to do critical analyses
    • Unit 2.3: Learning how to build theories
    • Unit 2.4: Learning how to build aphorims
    • Unit 2.5: Learning how to discuss
    • Unit 2.6: Learninbg how to make a textual critical analysis
  • Unit 3: HISTORY OF TRUTH: RELATIONS BETWEEN PHILOSPHY AND SCIENCE
    • Unit 3.1: The Greek horizon: pólis & alétheia
    • Unit 3.2: Presocratic Philosophy: Heraclitus
    • Unit 3.3: Plato
    • Unit 3.4: Aristotle
    • Unit 3.5: Greek Stoicism
    • Unit 3.6: Plotinus
    • Unit 3.7: Platonism and Aristotelianism: the heart of Medieval Philosophy
    • Unit 3.8: The horizon of Truth in 15th century
    • Unit 3.9: Scientific Revolution: Galileus and Copernicus
    • Unit 3.10: The Enlighment and the great machine of Knowledge
    • Unit 3.11: Kant and the "Copernican Revolution"
  • Unit 4: PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY AND POLITICAL THEOLOGY
    • Unit 4.1: Introduction: What Philosophy of History is? / What Political Theology is?
    • Unit 4.2: Backgrounds I: Aristotle: storía and epistéme
    • Unit 4.3: Backgrounds II: Saint Paul and the founding of Christian religion
    • Unit 4.4: Backgrounds III: Saint Augustine of Hippo and the two Cities
    • Unit 4.5: Enlightment and History of Reason
    • Unit 4.6: Kant and the dreams of a spirit seer: Freedom, Society and State
    • Unit 4.7: Hegel and the Conscience of Mankind
    • Unit 4.8: Marx: History as the body of revolution
    • Unit 4.9: Nietzsche: History and Genealogy
    • Unit 4.10: Heidegger: History and Hermeneutics of Being's Happening
7. Activities, Units/Modules and Methodology
Training Activity Methodology Related Competences (only degrees before RD 822/2021) ECTS Hours As Com Description
Class Attendance (theory) [ON-SITE] Lectures E02 E16 G07 0.12 3 N N Introduction to Philosophy.
Class Attendance (theory) [ON-SITE] Lectures E02 E04 E16 G02 G03 G04 G07 G08 G09 G11 G13 G15 G17 0.72 18 Y N Philosophy and Thinking Workshop. Make-Up activity.
Group tutoring sessions [ON-SITE] Guided or supervised work E02 E04 G02 G07 0.6 15 N N Philosophy and Thinking Workshop.
Writing of reports or projects [OFF-SITE] Self-study E02 E04 E16 G02 G03 G04 G07 G08 G09 G11 G13 G15 G17 1.44 36 Y N Philosophy and Thinking Workshop. Make-Up activity.
Class Attendance (theory) [ON-SITE] Lectures E02 E16 G07 0.44 11 N N Truth and Science in the Modern Age.
Writing of reports or projects [OFF-SITE] Self-study E02 E16 G02 G07 0.96 24 Y N Truth and Science in the Modern Age. Make-Up activity.
Class Attendance (theory) [ON-SITE] Lectures E04 0.44 11 N N Problems and views of the History and its Theological-Political dimension on Philosophy.
Writing of reports or projects [OFF-SITE] Self-study E02 E16 G02 G07 G08 G11 G13 G15 G17 0.48 12 Y N Problems and views of the History and its Theological-Political dimension on Philosophy. Make-Up activity.
Class Attendance (theory) [ON-SITE] Lectures E02 E16 G02 G07 G15 0.08 2 N N Problems and views of the History and its Praxical Theological-Political Dimension in the multicultural worldwide context.
Writing of reports or projects [OFF-SITE] Self-study E02 E16 G02 G07 G08 G11 G13 G15 G17 0.72 18 Y N Problems and views of the History and its Praxical Theological-Political Dimension in the multicultural worldwide context. Make-up activity.
Total: 6 150
Total credits of in-class work: 2.4 Total class time hours: 60
Total credits of out of class work: 3.6 Total hours of out of class work: 90

As: Assessable training activity
Com: Training activity of compulsory overcoming (It will be essential to overcome both continuous and non-continuous assessment).

8. Evaluation criteria and Grading System
Evaluation System Continuous assessment Non-continuous evaluation * Description
Assessment of active participation 10.00% 0.00% Quality and quantity of interventions during presential classes.
Test 25.00% 25.00% Development and exposition of a systematic Learning Guide of Philosophy, Truth Approaches, Knowledge and Science.
Oral presentations assessment 10.00% 0.00% Discussion Exercise in the class. Developing of the Exercise will be previously supervised.
Assessment of problem solving and/or case studies 35.00% 35.00% Researching and Developing a Bibliography Work: 15%
Making an Critical Essay: 15%
Writing Aphorisms: 5%
Assessment of problem solving and/or case studies 0.00% 10.00% Making a Summary of the selected works of Kant, Heidegger, Deleuze and Lyotard focusing about the Sense and Condition of Philosophy. Non-Continue Evaluation Exercise for the students who cannot participate in class-discussions along the course.
Other methods of assessment 0.00% 10.00% Making a Summary on Philosophy of History. Non-Continue Evaluation Exercise for the students who cannot attend presential lessons along the course.
Other methods of assessment 20.00% 20.00% Text Comment on Philosophy of History and Political-Theology issues.
Total: 100.00% 100.00%  
According to art. 4 of the UCLM Student Evaluation Regulations, it must be provided to students who cannot regularly attend face-to-face training activities the passing of the subject, having the right (art. 12.2) to be globally graded, in 2 annual calls per subject , an ordinary and an extraordinary one (evaluating 100% of the competences).

Evaluation criteria for the final exam:
  • Continuous assessment:
    - There is not required minimum grade on each exercise, nor in the final test, to pass the subject. But it is needed an average score of 5 out of 10.
    - Approved qualifications will be kept for extraordinary calling and next year callings.
    - Plagiarism and ordinary spell-check regulations of the Degree will be applied.
    - Once the Professor has some doubt about authorship of a work, he can determine the necessity of requiring the student to make an oral presentation and interview test on his or her work in order to ascertain its authenticity and accuracy.
    - Works can be delivered in English.
  • Non-continuous evaluation:
    - There is not required minimum grade on each exercise, nor in the final test, to pass the subject. But it is needed an average score of 5 out of 10.
    - Approved qualifications will be kept for next year callings.
    - Plagiarism and ordinary spell-check regulations of the Degree will be applied.
    - Once the Professor has some doubt about authorship of a work, he can determine the necessity of requiring the student to make an oral presentation and interview test on his or her work in order to ascertain its authenticity and accuracy.
    - Works can be delivered in English.

Specifications for the resit/retake exam:
- There is not required minimum grade on each exercise, nor in the final test, to pass the subject. But it is needed an average score of 5 out of 10.
- Approved qualifications will be kept for next year callings.
- Plagiarism and ordinary spell-check regulations of the Degree will be applied.
- Once the Professor has some doubt about authorship of a work, he can determine the necessity of requiring the student to make an oral presentation and interview test on his or her work in order to ascertain its authenticity and accuracy.
- Works can be delivered in English.
Specifications for the second resit / retake exam:
- There is not required minimum grade on each exercise, nor in the final test, to pass the subject. But it is needed an average score of 5 out of 10.
- - Approved qualifications from previous callings will have been kept for this calling.
- Plagiarism and ordinary spell-check regulations of the Degree will be applied.
- Once the Professor has some doubt about authorship of a work, he can determine the necessity of requiring the student to make an oral presentation and interview test on his or her work in order to ascertain its authenticity and accuracy.
- Works can be delivered in English.
9. Assignments, course calendar and important dates
Not related to the syllabus/contents
Hours hours

Unit 1 (de 4): WHAT PHILOSOPHY IS AND WHY WE NEED IT NOWADAYS?
Activities Hours
Class Attendance (theory) [PRESENCIAL][Lectures] 3
Group tutoring sessions [PRESENCIAL][Guided or supervised work] 1
Teaching period: 1 week

Unit 2 (de 4): PHILOSOPHY WORKSHOP
Activities Hours
Class Attendance (theory) [PRESENCIAL][Lectures] 18
Group tutoring sessions [PRESENCIAL][Guided or supervised work] 7
Writing of reports or projects [AUTÓNOMA][Self-study] 36
Class Attendance (theory) [PRESENCIAL][Lectures] 3
Teaching period: 8 weeks

Unit 3 (de 4): HISTORY OF TRUTH: RELATIONS BETWEEN PHILOSPHY AND SCIENCE
Activities Hours
Group tutoring sessions [PRESENCIAL][Guided or supervised work] 3
Class Attendance (theory) [PRESENCIAL][Lectures] 8
Writing of reports or projects [AUTÓNOMA][Self-study] 24
Class Attendance (theory) [PRESENCIAL][Lectures] 1
Teaching period: 2 weeks

Unit 4 (de 4): PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY AND POLITICAL THEOLOGY
Activities Hours
Group tutoring sessions [PRESENCIAL][Guided or supervised work] 4
Class Attendance (theory) [PRESENCIAL][Lectures] 10
Writing of reports or projects [AUTÓNOMA][Self-study] 12
Class Attendance (theory) [PRESENCIAL][Lectures] 2
Writing of reports or projects [AUTÓNOMA][Self-study] 18
Teaching period: 2 weeks

Global activity
Activities hours
10. Bibliography and Sources
Author(s) Title Book/Journal Citv Publishing house ISBN Year Description Link Catálogo biblioteca
ARISTÓTELES Metafísica Madrid Gredos 978-84-2493-839-0 2012 https://www.rbalibros.com/gredos/metafisica-aristoteles_4554  
ARQUILLIÈRE, Henri Xavier El agustinismo político. Ensayo sobre la formación de las teorías políticas en la Edad Media Valencia Universitat de València 2005  
AUBENQUE, Pierre El problema del ser en Aristóteles Madrid Escolar y Mayo 2008  
BENJAMIN, Walter Sobre el concepto de Historia Obras completas Libro I / Vol. 2 Madrid Abada Editores 2008  
BREHIER, Bréhier La teoría de los incorporales en el estoicismo antiguo Buenos Aires Leviatán 978-98-7514-186-5 2011  
BULTMANN, Rudolf Teología del Nuevo Testamento Salamanca Sígueme Ediciones 1997  
Blackburn, Simon Think: A Compelling Introduction to Philosophy OUP 2001  
CALVO, Tomás Aristóteles y el aristotelismo Tres Cantos (Madrid) Akal 2008  
CARR, Edwart Hallett ¿Qué es la historia? Barcelona Ariel 2017  
CARR, Edwart Hallett What is History? London Penguin 2018  
CASSIN, Barbara [Ed.] Nuestros griegos y sus modernos Buenos Aires Manantial 1994  
CASSIRER, Ernst Individuo y cosmos en la filosofía del Renacimiento Buenos Aires Emecé Ed. 1953  
CASSIRER, Ernst Rousseau, Kant, Goethe. Filosofía y cultura en la Europa del Siglo de las Luces Madrid - México D.F. Fondo de Cultura Económica 2007  
CASSIRER, Ernst Kant, vida y doctrina México D.F. Fondo de Cultura Económica 1993  
CASSIRER, Ernst Filosofía de la Ilustración México D.F. Fondo de Cultura Económica 1972  
CASTORIADIS, Cornelius Los dominios del hombre. Encrucijadas del laberinto Barcelona Gedisa 2005  
CHALMERS, Alan Francis ¿Qué es esa cosa llamada ciencia? Tres Cantos Siglo XXI 2010  
CHALMERS, Alan Francis What is This Thing Called Science? Berkshire Open University Press 1999  
DE GARAY, Jesús "La denominada 'filosofía medieval': aristotelismo y platonismo" DE LA CÁMARA, María Luisa & ESCUTIA, Nacho [Eds.]: La búsqueda de la verdad a través del tiempo: Historia de la Filosofía Madrid Dykinson 2020  
DE LA CÁMARA, María Luisa & ESCUTIA, Nacho [Eds.]: La búsqueda de la verdad a través del tiempo: Historia de la Filosofía Madrid Dykinson 2020  
DELEUZE, Gilles ¿Qué es la filosofía? Barcelona Anagrama 1993  
DELEUZE, Gilles Nietzsche y la filosofía Barcelona Anagrama 1998  
DELLA MIRANDOLA, Pico De la dignidad del hombre Madrid Editorial Nacional 1994  
DESCARTES, René Reglas para la dirección del Espíritu Madrid Alianza 1995  
DESCARTES, René Discurso del método / Meditaciones metafísicas, Madrid Austral 2010  
DUQUE, Félix Los destinos de la tradición. Filosofía de la Historia de la Filosofía Barcelona Anthropos 1989  
ESCUTIA, Nacho El éxodo de los dioses: en torno a la torsión topológica de la verdad en Platón desde el Segundo Heidegger JIMÉNEZ, Alba [Ed.]: Heidegger y la Historia de la Filosofía: límite y posibilidad de una interpretación fenomenológica de la tradición Granada Comares 2019  
ESCUTIA, Nacho Revolución: la pregunta por el Ser Pensamiento al margen. Revista Digital de Ideas Políticas, Número especial: ¿Heidegger revolucionario: Crítica al Capitalismo, Arte y Políticas del ser¿ 2021  
ESCUTIA, Nacho El tiempo del pensar: ontología estética del principio de unidad trascendental en Kant PÉREZ DE TUDELA, Jorge & JIMÉNEZ, Alba [Eds.]: Sobre el problema del continuo en la filosofía de Immanuel Kant Barcelona Herder 2022  
ESPINOSA ANTÓN, Francisco Javier Inventores de la paz, soñadores de Europa: siglo de la Ilustración Madrid Biblioteca Nueva 2012  
ESPINOSA ANTÓN, Francisco Javier Proyectos de paz universal en el siglo XVIII AAVV. Las Luces y el Progreso Madrid Tecnos 2022  
FERRARIS, Maurizio Goodbye, Kant!: qué queda hoy de la ¿Crítica de la razón pura¿ Madrid Losada 2007  
FOUCAULT, Michel Nietzsche, la genealogía, la historia Valencia Pre-textos 2014  
FOUCAULT, Michel Sobre la Ilustración Madrid Tecnos 978-84-309-4420-0 2003  
FRAILE, Guillermo Historia de la filosofía I. Grecia y Roma Madrid Biblioteca de autores cristianos 2013  
FUKUYAMA, Francis ¿El fin de la Historia? Y otros ensayos Madrid Alianza 2015  
GADAMER, Hans-Georg El inicio de la filosofía occidental Barcelona Paidós Ibérica 1999  
GADAMER, Hans-Georg El problema de la conciencia histórica Madrid Tecnos 2007  
GADAMER, Hans-Georg Platón y los poetas Revista Estudios de Filosofía, nº3, Universidad de Antioquía, Colombia 1991  
GADAMER, Hans-Georg El inicio de la sabiduría Barcelona Paidós Ibérica 2001  
GARCIA DAMBORENEA, Ricardo Uso de razón. Diccionario de falacias Madrid Biblioteca Nueva 2000  
GARCÍA CALVO, Agustín Razón común. Heráclito Zamora Lucina 1999  
GARIN, Eugenio La revolución cultural del Renacimiento Barcelona Crítica 1984  
HABERMAS, Jürgen Conciencia moral y acción comunicativa Barcelona Península 1996  
HEIDEGGER, Martin Kant y el problema de la metafísica México D.F. Fondo de Cultura Económica 1954  
HEIDEGGER, Martin Tiempo y ser Madrid Tecnos 2011  
HEIDEGGER, Martin Ser y tiempo Madrid Trotta 2012  
HEIDEGGER, Martin Introducción a la metafísica Barcelona Gedisa 2003  
IRWIN, Terrance Algunas aporías de la ciencia del ser Cassin, Barbara [Ed.]: Nuestros griegos y sus modernos Buenos Aires Manantial 1994  
JAEGER, Werner Paideia: los ideales de la cultura griega México Fondo de Cultura Económica 1957  
JAEGER, Werner La teología de los primeros filósofos griegos México - Buenos Aires Fondo de Cultura Económica 1952  
JIMÉNEZ, Alba [Ed.] Heidegger y la Historia de la Filosofia: limite y posibilidad de una interpretación fenomenológica de la tradición Granada Comares 2019  
KANT, Immanuel Crítica de la razón pura Barcelona Taurus 2015  
KANT, Immanuel Cómo orientarse en el pensamiento Buenos Aires Leviatán 1982  
KANT, Immanuel Filosofía de la Historia México D.F. Fondo de Cultura Económica 978-96-8160-190-4 2002  
KOSELLECK, Reinhart Futuro pasado. Para una semántica de los tiempos históricos Barcelona Paidós Ibérica 1993  
KUHN, Thomas S. LA revolución copernicana. La astronomía planetaria en el desarrollo del pensamiento occidental Barcelona Ariel 1985  
KUHN, Thomas S. La estructura de las revoluciones científicas México D.F. Fondo de Cultura Económica 968-16-7224-0 1971  
KUHN, Thomas S. ¿Qué son las revoluciones científicas? y otros ensayos Barcelona Paidós/I.C.E. ¿ U.A.B. 1989  
LANCEROS, Patxi Orden sagrado, santa violencia. Teo-tecnologías del poder Madrid Abada Editores 2014  
LYOTARD, Jean-François ¿Por qué filosofar? Barcelona Paidós/I.C.E. ¿ U.A.B. 1989  
LÓPEZ MOLINA, José Miguel Recepción y significado del uso científico de la dialéctica aristotélica Revista Pensamiento Vol. 71, nº 269, pp. 1261-1276 2015  
LÖWITH, KARL Historia del mundo y salvación Buenos Aires Katz 2006  
LÖWITH, Karl El hombre en el centro de la historia. Balance filosófico del S. XX Barcelona Herder 84-254-1997-2 1998  
LÖWITH, Karl El sentido de la historia. Implicaciones teológicas de la filosofía de la historia Madrid Aguilar 1956  
MARIETA, Iñaki El inicio de la problemática ontológica en el comienzo de la filosofía ISEGOrÍA. revista de Filosofía Moral y Política N.º 51, julio-diciembre 1130-2097 2014  
MARTÍNEZ MARZOA, Felipe Releer a Kant Barcelona Anthropos 1989  
MARTÍNEZ MARZOA, Felipe Historia de la filosofía I Madrid Istmo 2005  
MARX, Karl Textos selectos y manuscritos de París (Estudio introductorio por Jacobo Muñoz) Madrid Gredos 978-84-249-2230-6 2011  
MERCHANT, Carolyn La muerte de la naturaleza. Mujeres, ecología y revolución científica Granada Comares 2020  
NAVARRO CORDÓN, Juan Miguel El concepto de ¿transcendental¿ en Kant Logos. Anales Del Seminario De Metafísica, 5 1970  
NIETZSCHE, Friedrich El nacimiento de la tragedia Madrid Biblioteca EDAF 1998  
NIETZSCHE, Friedrich Sobre la utilidad y el perjuicio de la historia para la vida Madrid Biblioteca Nueva 1999  
ORTEGA Y GASSET, José El tema de nuestro tiempo Madrid Austral 2010  
OÑATE, Teresa El Nacimiento de la filosofía en Grecia. Viaje al inicio de Occidente Madrid Dykinson 2004  
PLATÓN La república Madrid Instituto de Estudios Políticos 1969  
PLATÓN Fedro Madrid Instituto de Estudios Políticos 1970  
Perry, Jh., Bratman. M., Fisher, J. M. Introduction to Philosophy: Classical and Contemporary Readings Oxford OUP 2015  
PÖGGELER, Otto El camino del pensar de Martin Heidegger Madrid Alianza 1986  
REALE, Giovanni Introducción a Aristóteles Barcelona Herder 1985  
REALE, Giovanni Guía de lectura de la «Metafísica» de Aristóteles Barcelona Herder 1999  
RIST, John Michael La filosofía estoica Barcelona Ariel 978-84-3442-571-2 2017  
SCHMITT, Karl Teología política Madrid Trotta 2009  
SEVERINO, Enmanuele La filosofía antigua Barcelona Ariel 1986  
TAUBES, Jacob La teología política de Pablo Madrid Trotta 2007  
VATTIMO, Gianni Diálogo con Nietzsche Barcelona Paidós 2002  
VATTIMO, Gianni Alrededores del ser Barcelona Galaxia Gutenberg 2020  
VATTIMO, Gianni El sujeto y la máscara Barcelona Península 1989  
VATTIMO, Gianni Ser, historia y lenguaje en Heidegger Sevilla Fénix Filosofía Ed. 2022  
VEGA, REÑÓN, L. Si de argumentar se trata Barcelona Montesinos 2003  
VERNANT, Jean-Pierre Los orígenes del pensamiento griego Barcelona Paidós Ibérica 1992  
Warburton, N. Philosophy: The Basics Nueva York Routledge 2014  



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